Showing posts with label politics. Show all posts
Showing posts with label politics. Show all posts

Monday, 27 June 2016

Η Μεγάλη Βρετανία παραδίδει μαθήματα κοινοβουλευτισμού και διαχείρισης κρίσης


Η δήλωση Κάμερον στη Βουλή των Κοινοτήτων ότι το Brexit ήδη συμβαίνει και θα πρέπει να σεβαστούμε την κρίση του βρετανικού λαού ... είναι λογική κι εντάσσεται στο πλαίσιο της ανάκτησης της συνοχής της βρετανικής κοινωνίας, η οποία βρίσκεται έντονα διχασμένη μετά το δημοψήφισμα.

Στο ίδιο πλαίσιο, το κίνημα αντι-Brexit στην προσπάθεια του να προσελκύσει πρώην οπαδούς του Leave στο κίνημα της παραμονής στην ΕΕ, άλλαξε το όνομα του σε "Stand Together".

Αυτό που δεν έχει γίνει κατανοητό στην ελληνική κοινή γνώμη είναι ότι ο κοινοβουλευτισμός στη Μεγάλη Βρετανία δεν είναι απλά το πολίτευμα της χώρας ... αλλά έχει βάθος και παράδοση πολλών αιώνων.

Η πρώτη μορφή αγγλικού κοινοβουλίου ξεκίνησε το 1066, συνεχίστηκε από τη Magna Carta το 1215 και φτάνουμε στην υφιστάμενη μορφή του βρετανικού κοινοβουλίου το 1707.

Στο σύγχρονο πλαίσιο, αυτό σημαίνει ότι το πρόσφατο δημοψήφισμα θα πρέπει να επικυρωθεί από τη Βουλή των Κοινοτήτων, δηλ. τους βουλευτές που έχουν εκλεγεί το 2015. Αυτή η έγκριση πρέπει να γίνει όχι μόνο επειδή το αναφέρει νομοσχέδιο με το οποίο διενεργήθηκε το δημοψήφισμα αλλά κι επειδή αυτό αφορά και την ουσία του βρετανικού πολιτεύματος και την παράδοση.

Εκεί δημιουργείται το πρόβλημα. Κι αυτό γιατί οι βουλευτές του σημερινού κοινοβουλίου δηλώνουν υπέρ της παραμονής στην ΕΕ (480 κινήθηκαν υπέρ του Remain και 160 βουλευτές υπέρ του Leave).  Κι αυτό δεν εμποδίζει μόνο την επικύρωση του δημοψηφίσματος από το κοινοβούλιο, αλλά και την αντικατάσταση του Κάμερον από το νέο αρχηγό που θα υλοποιήσει την έξοδο από την ΕΕ. Γιατί και στις δυο περιπτώσεις, δηλ. κοινοβούλιο και κοινοβουλευτική ομάδα των Τόρις υπερτερούν οι φιλοευρωπαίοι.

Αλλά ακόμα κι αν προκυρηχθούν νέες εκλογές, το εκλογικό σύστημα των μονοεδρικών περιφερειών, η χαμηλή ποιότητα των στελεχών της πλευράς του Leave αλλά και η κατάρρευση της οικονομίας ή η υπαναχώρηση σε πολλές πολιτικές θέσεις της εκστρατείας του Leave δεν εξασφαλίζουν ότι και το επόμενο κοινοβούλιο θα είναι υπέρ της εξόδου από την ΕΕ.

Άρα ένα σημαντικό θέμα είναι η παραμονή ή όχι της Μεγάλης Βρετανίας στην Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση κι ένα εξίσου σημαντικό θέμα είναι η επανασύνδεση του πολιτικού συστήματος με τους ψηφοφόρους του. Kαι κυρίως το κοινοβουλευτικό σύστημα θα πρέπει να απομονώσει με πολιτικούς όρους το κίνημα ξενοφοβίας που έχει εξαπλωθεί σε όλη την επικράτεια και απειλεί τους μετανάστες (Ευρωπαίους ή μη )

Αύριο στη σύνοδο κορυφής, δεν βλέπω πως ο Κάμερον θα κάνει επίσημη δήλωση έναρξης των διαπραγματεύσεων εξόδου χωρίς επικύρωση του αποτελέσματος από τη Βουλή των Κοινοτήτων.

Δυστυχώς δεν βλέπω επίλυση του θέματος άμεσα γιατί το δημοψήφισμα είναι πρόσφατο ... εκτιμώ όμως ότι αυτό θα γίνει περί το τέλος του καλοκαιριού κι όσο περνά ο καιρός τόσο τα πράγματα θα γίνονται δυσμενή για την πλευρά του Brexit και την βρετανική οικονομία.

 

 

Ταυτόχρονα, η δυσμενής κατάσταση που έχει περιέλθει η βρετανική οικονομία θα "μαζεύει" και το ευρωσκεπτικιστικό κίνημα στην Ευρώπη. Είναι απίστευτο το πως τρεις ημέρες επηρεάστηκε το τελικό αποτέλεσμα των Ισπανικών εκλογών και τη δημοφιλία του κινήματος Podemos.

Με βάση τα παραπάνω, το νησί έχει εισέλθει σε μία περίοδο έντονης αβεβαιότητας, η οποία θα επηρεάσει την ασφάλεια και την οικονομία του. Το γεγονός ότι η Μεγάλη Βρετανία αποτελεί το παγκόσμιο χρηματοπιστωτικό κέντρο, την 6η οικονομία σε μέγεθος στον κόσμο, τη μεγαλύτερη στρατιωτική δύναμη της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης δημιουργεί ζητήματα στην οικονομία και την ασφάλεια της Γηραιάς Ηπείρου.

Το δημοψήφισμα δεν αποτελεί μία εγωιστική κίνηση του πρωθυπουργού Κάμερον αλλά εκ των πραγμάτων δείχνει ότι στο νησί υπήρχαν σημαντικά προβλήματα τόσο στο επίπεδο της εσωτερικής ασφάλειας, όσο και στην οικονομία ή το πολιτικό σύστημα. Το πογκρόμ επιθέσεων εναντίον ευρωπαίων μεταναστών (κυρίως Πολωνών) δείχνει ότι είναι συμφέρον όλων των Ευρωπαίων να επιλυθεί το θέμα με πολιτικούς όρους.

Σε κάθε περίπτωση, η Μεγάλη Βρετανία παραδίδει μαθήματα κοινοβουλευτισμού και διαχείρισης κρίσεων … ας ελπίσουμε ότι σύντομα αυτές οι προσπάθειες θα επιβραβευτούν και σύντομα το νησί θα επανέλθει στην ευρωπαϊκή οικογένεια με τις μικρότερες απώλειες.

 

Thursday, 23 June 2016

Ξεκίνησε η ψηφοφορία για το βρετανικό δημοψήφισμα

Οι δημοσκοπήσεις δείχνουν ότι θα έχουμε μία μακρά νύχτα σήμερα στο βρετανικό δημοψήφισμα...

Ως υπέρμαχος της Ευρώπης, θέλω να πιστεύω ότι οι βρετανοί ψηφοφόροι θα ψηφίσουν παραμονή. Αλλά οι Βρετανοί δεν αλλάζουν εύκολα γνώμη, οι αντιθέσεις δεν περιορίζονται στην οικονομία αλλά έχουν επεκταθεί σε πολιτισμικά και ιστορικά θέματα. Και μένει να δούμε το κατά πόσο το θλιβερό γεγονός της δολοφονίας της Jo Cox, αύξησε τη συσπείρωση και κατεύθυνε τους αναποφάσιστους προς το Remain σε τέτοιο βαθμό έτσι ώστε να έχουμε επικράτηση του Remain.

Σε κάθε περίπτωση, η ζημιά έχει γίνει. Την επόμενη ημέρα, η Μεγάλη Βρετανία θα εξακολουθεί να είναι μία διχασμένη χώρα. Κι αυτό θα ενταθεί ανεξάρτητα αποτελέσματος. Στην περίπτωση της επικράτησης του Remain, οι πιέσεις θα ενταθούν γατί εκτός των άλλων η βρετανική κυβέρνηση έχει να διαχειριστεί μια διχασμένη χώρα, με τις δυνάμεις του Leave να αντιπολιτεύονται κάθε κυβερνητικό μέτρο και διαρθρωτικές αλλαγές.

Αυτό σημαίνει ότι η κυβερνητική πλειοψηφία θα βρεθεί σε αμφισβήτηση. Στην περίπτωση της επικράτησης του Leave, η Μεγάλη Βρετανία δεν θα αποχωρήσει αυτόματα από την Ένωση. Κι αυτό γιατί το δημοψήφισμα έχει γνωμοδοτικό χαρακτήρα (εκ του σχετικού νόμου), η διαδικασία αποχώρησης είναι μακρά και πολύπλοκη κι όλες οι αποφάσεις εξακολουθούν να παραμένουν στο βρετανικό κοινοβούλιο.

Αυτό μπορεί να σημαίνει α) να αγνοηθεί το αποτέλεσμα του δημοψηφίσματος από το κοινοβούλιο (εξαιρετικά απίθανο να συμβεί η ελληνική περίπτωση) β) να παραιτηθεί η κυβέρνηση και να προκηρυχθούν πρόωρες εκλογές (γιατί οι φιλο-ευρωπαίοι βουλευτές αποτελούν το 70% του κοινοβουλίου).

Και τι θα συμβεί εάν στις βουλευτικές εκλογές επικρατήσουν ξανά οι φιλο-ευρωπαίοι βουλευτές κι όχι οι ουγκα-γκα-μπουμ ευρωσκεπτικιστές??? Και κυρίως, τι θα συμβεί στην οικονομία στο ενδιάμεσο και μέχρι να σταθεροποιηθεί η κατάσταση???

Σε κάθε περίπτωση θα δούμε εξελίξεις στα δύο μεγάλα κόμματα (συντηρητικούς κι εργατικούς) και αύξηση της πολιτικής αστάθειας σε μία χώρα που δεν βρίσκεται στην περιφέρεια της ευρωζώνης (όπως η Ελλάδα) αλλά αποτελεί το παγκόσμιο χρηματοπιστωτικό κέντρο. Το τελευταίο είναι το πιο σημαντικό και αποτελεί αχαρτογράφητα ύδατα για για όλους (και την Ελλάδα)

Friday, 10 June 2016

Σχόλιο για το δημοψήφισμα στη Μεγάλη Βρετανία Νο 2

Η διενέργεια ενός δημοψηφίσματος αποτελεί κορυφαία στιγμή της δημοκρατικής διαδικασίας. Με αυτή την οπτική γωνία θα πρέπει να προσεγγιστεί και το δημοψήφισμα για την παραμονή της Μεγάλης Βρετανίας στην Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση.

Κρίσιμοι παράγοντες για την επιτυχή διεξαγωγή ενός δημοψηφίσματος είναι α) το ποιο είναι το ερώτημα, το ποιος το ρωτάει, οι συνθήκες και ο χρόνος που θα διατεθεί για την προεκλογική περίοδο.

Δεν χωράει συζήτηση ότι το ερώτημα είναι ιστορικής σημασίας, δοθείσης της σημαντικής συμμετοχής της Μεγάλης Βρετανίας στο κτίσιμο της σύγχρονης Ευρώπης. Αναφέρομαι στη χώρα που ουσιαστικά «κράτησε» απέναντι στην επέκταση του ναζισμού, συνέβαλλε τα μάλα στην εξουδετέρωσή του και στην εμπέδωση συστήματος ασφάλειας, ειρήνης και ευημερίας στη μεταπολεμική Ευρώπη.

Οι δημοσκοπήσεις δείχνουν σχετικό προβάδισμα του Leave έναντι του Remain στην Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση. Όλοι οι αναλυτές συμφωνούν σε τέσσερις παράγοντες που θα καθορίσουν το τελικό αποτέλεσμα:

1. εάν οι νέοι ψηφοφόροι που είναι φιλικά προσκείμενοι στην Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση, θα κατέβουν να ψηφίσουν στο δημοψήφισμα

2. τι θα κάνουν οι παραδοσιακοί συντηρητικοί ψηφοφόροι που αν και δεν είναι εξαιρετικά θετικοί απέναντι στην Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση και κυρίως απέναντι στη Γερμανία, την ίδια στιγμή δεν τους αρέσουν οι μεγάλες αλλαγές και τα αχαρτογράφητα ύδατα.

3. εάν και κατά πόσο επηρεάζει τις δημοσκοπήσεις το γεγονός ότι οι οπαδοί του Leave απαντούν επιθετικά στα ερωτήματα, ενώ οι οπαδοί του Remain αποφεύγουν να απαντήσουν.

4. Τι θα ψηφίσουν οι Βρετανοί πολίτες με μη βρετανική καταγωγή.

 Οι συνθήκες στη Μεγάλη Βρετανία σε σχέση με την οικονομία είναι ουδέτερες (προς το ευνοϊκό). Κι αυτό γιατί αν και η βρετανική οικονομία «τρέχει» σε ανάπτυξη τα τελευταία 6 χρόνια, ο ρυθμός ανάπτυξης μειώνεται από το 1ο τρίμηνο του 2015. Υπάρχουν διαρθρωτικά προβλήματα, η πιθανότητα να υπάρχει φούσκα στα ακίνητα είναι αυξημένη αλλά τα προβλήματα που προκάλεσαν την κρίση του 2008 είναι σε μεγάλο βαθμό υπό διαχείριση ακόμα.

Αυτό σημαίνει ότι η πλειοψηφία των πολιτών πιστεύει ότι η οικονομία θα χειροτερεύσει, το ερώτημα είναι εάν η κρίσιμη μάζα πιστεύει ότι καλό θα είναι να μην υπάρξουν επαναστατικές αλλαγές (Brexit) που θα οδηγήσουν σε αχαρτογράφητα ύδατα και θα προκαλέσουν καταστροφικές εξελίξεις
στην οικονομία σε σχέση με την αναμενόμενη (sooner or later) ύφεση.

Wednesday, 1 June 2016

Πάμε για συνδυασμό ύφεσης με πληθωρισμό?

 
Τα τελευταία δύο χρόνια η οικονομία είχε εισέλθει σε φάση σταθεροποίησης. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, το 2014 και αρχές του 2015 είχαμε μικρή αύξηση του ΑΕΠ, αυτό όμως κατόπιν μετατράπηκε σε ύφεση η οποία συνεχίζεται για τα 3 τελευταία τρίμηνα. Ταυτόχρονα, η οικονομία συνεχίζει σε αποπληθωρισμό δηλ. πτώση τιμών. Με λίγα λόγια, η μεγάλη εικόνα της οικονομίας κατά τα τελευταία 7 χρόνια, έδειχνε ύφεση σε συνδυασμό με αποπληθωρισμό.
Η εικόνα αυτή ενδεχομένως να μεταβληθεί από σήμερα. Κι αυτό γιατί έχουμε πρεμιέρα των αυξημένων φόρων. Η αύξηση του ΦΠΑ, της άμεσης φορολογίας και των ασφαλιστικών εισφορών θα πιέσει τις επιχειρήσεις και τις τιμές.
Όση προσπάθεια και να γίνει από τις επιχειρήσεις για να απορροφήσουν την αύξηση του ΦΠΑ και της γενικότερης αύξηση της φορολογίας, αυτό θα είναι δύσκολο. Είναι σίγουρο ότι ένα τμήμα της αύξησης της φορολογίας θα προκαλέσει αυξήσεις τιμών σε αγαθά και υπηρεσίες.
Από αυτή την άποψη, ο συνδυασμός του αρνητικού επενδυτικού κλίματος, και της μείωσης της ιδιωτικής κατανάλωσης λόγω του κλεισίματος των επιχειρήσεων που είτε έτρεχαν με κόκκινα δάνεια είτε δεν ήταν ανταγωνιστικές, είναι πιθανόν να προκαλέσει μία εξαιρετικά σοβαρή κατάσταση ύφεσης σε συνδυασμό με πληθωρισμό.
Αυτό που θα απαλύνει την επιδείνωση της κατάστασης θα είναι τα ακόλουθα:
1. H βελτίωση του γενικότερου προφίλ της χώρας λόγω της επικείμενης ολοκλήρωσης της αξιολόγησης. Αυτή από μόνη της είναι ικανή να φέρει επενδυτικά κεφάλαια, ειδικά εάν αυτά ενταχθούν στον νέο φορολογικό νόμο που ελπίζω ότι θα εγγυάται σταθερότητα και θέσεις εργασίας σε μεσοπρόθεσμο επίπεδο.
2. Η βελτίωση των επιδόσεων στον τουρισμό. Οι αφίξεις για το 1ο τετράμηνο του 2016, αφήνουν ελπίδες ότι και φέτος θα είναι χρονιά ρεκόρ. Μένει να δούμε εάν και πως θα επηρεασει την Ελλαδα η γεωπολιτική κατάσταση στην περιοχή και πως η αύξηση θα καταγραφεί στα φορολογικά έσοδα.
Τα παραπάνω μπορεί να είναι αναμενόμενα στοιχεία μίας δομικής αλλαγής της οικονομίας. Οι ανταγωνιστικοί τομείς της οικονομίας, δηλ. αυτοί που σχετίζονται με διεθνώς εμπορεύσιμα αγαθά θα βελτιώνουν τις επιδόσεις τους και σε καλύτερες τιμές. Αλλά είναι σίγουρο ότι ένα σημαντικό τμήμα του πληθυσμού και της οικονομίας και του πληθυσμού θα πιεστεί, κι αυτό αυξάνει το ρίσκο στην υλοποίηση.
Επίσης θα έλεγα ότι η κυβερνητική ρητορική δεν είναι φιλική προς τις επενδύσεις κι αυτό επιδεινώνει τη κατάσταση. Ενδεχομένως όμως η παρατεταμένη πολιτική αβεβαιότητα (η οποία σίγουρα είναι χαμηλότερη σε σχέση με την περσινή) λειτουργεί κι ως αντιπληθωριστικός κόφτης. Αυτό θα αποδειχθεί εάν τα μεγάλα projects περιφερειακά αεροδρόμια, COSCO, Ελληνικό, ιδιωτικοποιήσεις προχωρήσουν χωρίς προβλήματα.

Tuesday, 31 May 2016

Σχόλιο περί του θέματος των off shore λογαριασμών πολιτικών

Οι ΣΥΡΙΖΑ - ΑνεξΕλ τώρα "λούζονται" τη λαικιστική αντιπολιτευτική πολιτική του. Αναφέρομαι συγκεκριμένα στη συστηματική λασπολογία των προηγούμενων χρόνων περί off shore..

Είναι άλλο θέμα, η νομοθέτηση για το άνοιγμα εταιριών ή λογαριασμών σε ευρωπαικές χώρες (ή άλλες συνεργάσιμες χώρες) στο πλαίσιο μίας συμμορφωσης στο ευρωπαικό δικαιο ή οδηγίες ... και είναι αλλο θέμα το άνοιγμα λογαριασμού σε μη συνεργάσιμη χώρα σε φορολογικά και ποινικά θεματα...

Στο πλαίσιο της ευρωζώνη...ς ή της ευρωπαικής ένωσης, δεν πρέπει να δημιουργείται νομικό ζήτημα να ανοιγεται λογαριασμός σε μία αλλη χώρα της ένωσης... φυσικά είναι αλλο ζήτημα το ανοιγμα λογαριασμού σε φορολογικό παράδεισο, ο οποίος δεν συνεργάζεται σε φορολογικά ή άλλα νομικά θέματα.

Επίσης είναι άλλο θέμα η νομοθέτηση για συμμόρφωση στο ευρωπαικό πλαίσιο και είναι άλλο θέμα η επιβολή κανόνα δεοντολογίας στο επίπεδο κόμματος ή Βουλής κ.ο.κ...
 
Να αναφέρω ένα παραδειγμα στη Μεγαλη Βρετανία. Ο Τόνυ Μπλέρ ως πρωθυπουργός, θεωρούσε ασυμβατη πρακτική με την υπουργική ιδιότητα, το να στέλνει κάποιος (-α) υπουργός τα παιδιά του (της) σε ιδιωτικό σχολείο. Αυτό δεν ήταν παράνομο συμφωνα με τη βρετανική νομοθεσία.... ήταν όμως ασυμβατο και προκαλούσε την άμεση παραπομπή του ενδιαφερόμενου (-ης)
 
Με λίγα λόγια, η απαγόρευση επενδύσεων σε διεθνώς συνεργάσιμες χώρες ή επενδυτικά προιόντα μπορεί να απαγορευτεί μόνο στο πλαίσιο ενός κανόνος δεοντολογίας που θα συμφωνηθεί στο επίπεδο Βουλής (δυσκολα) ή κόμματος (πιο εύκολα).
 
Αυτό ισχύει και σε μετοχές ή ομόλογα. Αυτή τη στιγμή, απαγορεύεται σε βουλευτές η επενδυση σε μετοχές (γιατί? ) αλλά δεν απαγορευεται σε αμοιβαία εξωτερικού που επενδύουν σε μετοχές (ενδεχομένως και στην Ελλαδα). Επίσης δεν απαγορευεται η επενδυση σε ομόλογα αλλά με το PSI ενδεχομενως να υπήρχαν βουλευτές οι οποίοι κερδοσκόπησαν στα ελληνικά ομόλογα ενω ταυτοχρονα πίεζαν για χρεοκοπία.
 
¨Ολα τα παραπάνω εντάσσονται στο πλαίσιο της κανονιστικής συμμορφωσης, η οποία σε απλά "ελληνικά" ονομάζεται compliance.
 
Για το δια ταύτα...
 
1. Ο ΣΥΡΙΖΑ δεν μπορεί να νομοθετήσει χωρίς να έρχεται σε πλήρη αντίθεση στη δημαγωγία του.
 
 
 
2. Εάν επιθυμούν τα κόμματα να κάνουν σοβαρή δουλειά στο θέμα θα πρέπει να το δουν ολιστικά και σοβαρά δηλ. να α) καθιερώσουν κανόνα δεοντολογίας που να καλύπτει σοβαρά τα θέματα των επενδυτικών δραστηριοτήτων και β) να ιδρυθεί τμήμα κανονιστικής συμμόρφωσης στη Βουλή, το οποίο θα εξετάζει όχι μόνο τις επενδύσεις αλλά και το σκεπτικό της επένδυσης με βάση την κοινοβουλευτική πρακτική και ρητορική

Tuesday, 3 November 2015

3rd Nov, 2015 Greece needs to run fast to integrate NEETs to job market (NEETs - Not in Education, Employment, or Training)


·         EU’s Finance Commissioner Moscovici arrives in Athens today.  Greece’s government is planning to submit the next omnibus bill in local Commons, by this Thursday.

·         Following the 'better than expected' results of stress tests, the Greek Banks rallied yesterday, helping to an increase of trading volume (45 mios) and index (3.08%). More specifically, the Eurobank and Alpha closed at +29% followed by National (+18%) and Piraeus (+7.6%). Attica Bank which is a no-systemic small bank owned by TSMEDE (pension fund of engineers), rejected commentaries which suggest that there will be a split between ‘good bank’ and bad bank’.

·         According to UN Refugees Agency, almost all refugees who entered EU in October came through Greek islands. More specifically,  in an effort to reach central/western Europe, approx. 210,000 out of a total of 218,000 refugees who entered in EU in October,  passed from Turkey through Aegean Sea, and landed to Greek islands (mainly the island of Lesvos).

·         According to Hellenic Association of Tourism Enterprises’ Andreadis, the early bookings from UK, show an increase of +6% vs. those of last year.  

·         According to European Central Bank, Greece may face an increase in unemployment, up to the level of 28.1%, in 2016. Greece has the highest rate of unemployment (25%) and long-term unemployment (73.1%) among the 28 EU countries. In addition, more than half of Greeks (52.4%) aged 15-24 are out of job which is tripled compared to OECD average.

·         According to Social Inclusion Monitor Europe, Greece gets the lowest score among the 28 countries of EU, as regards Social Justice Index. This is due to low score in poverty prevention, equal opportunities to education, access to job market, social inclusion without discrimination, health and inter-generation justice. According to Bergelsmann institute approx. 36% of Greek population faces the threat of poverty and social exclusion; the situation has significantly deteriorated during the last 6 years due to debt crisis and disinvestment. He added that ‘the target is the shielding of the competitiveness of the Greek tourism product, which must overcome a series of direct challenges such over-taxation, illegal accommodation, boosting investor interest and corporate liquidity’. 

Risk assessment. Greece gradually returns to normality and reality. Up to now, Greece's government ratifies the frontloading 3rd MoU, with emphasis on the recapitalisation of Greek Banks, pension cuts and taxation of those sectors which were not taxed in equal terms with the rest of local economy. 

However, it becomes absolutely necessary to see relaxation of taxation concerning a) this part of economy which couldn’t tax evade such as employees, b) entrepreneurship which will generate jobs and c) real estate which impacts several professions and can assist on repayments of loans and citizens’ debt to the Greek state.

More specifically, local government needs to start from abolishing all hidden costs which are called ‘isfores yper triton’ which concern contributions of citizens and businesses to pension funds of local elites. In addition, it needs to adjust or even abolish the so called ‘efapax’ (lump sum money) which is paid to new pensioners to those pension funds which are heavily subsidised by state budget.
 
In any case, Greece needs to implement a fair, transparent and stable tax system, in order to attract foreign investments with long term time horizon, which reduce unemployment. 

It also needs to invest in education in order to reduce the skills mismatch. The vast majority of local universities is not linked to market and still generate graduates of anachronistic and/or irrelevant skills and background. 
 

Last but not least, according to institute Bertelsmann 28.4% of Greece’s young populationaged 20-24 in 2014, were included in NEETs category (Not in Education,Employment, or Training). This doesn’t only represent a significant social and economic problem but a time bomb for Greece’s existence as well.

 

Friday, 30 October 2015

Oct 30th, 2015, 200 bios haircut of debt, if Greece hosts 2 mios of refugees may be on the table


  • According to EuroWorking Group’s official, there are two significant pending items in order that a) creditors will release the next reimbursement of 2 bios euros and b) recapitalisation of Greek Banks will be completed by end '15. He referred specifically to the following pending items: a) the revenue related to the application of VAT on private education and b) the legislation concerning foreclosures.   
  • The tragedy of refugees landing at the eastern Greek islands continues despite worsening weather conditions. The coastguard rescued approx. 250 immigrants from drowning on Wednesday but there are still 30 missing. In addition a new wreckage occurred on Thursday, off the island of Kalymnos, with over a 100 missing.
  • Ahead of the announcement of Greek Banks’ stress tests this Saturday, the Greek government submitted the recapitalization’s bill in Greece’s Commons. The ratification of this legislation represents a prerequisite as regards the recapitalization of Greek Banks and has to take place within this weekend and before the opening of Monday’s markets. Government’s vice chairman Dragassakis stated that the recapitalization bill will be ratified this Saturday.
  • After Piraeus Bank, Alpha Bank became the second Greek Bank which launched an exchange offer on its outstanding subordinated and senior bonds. It is offering to pay between 50 and 5, out of 100 depending on the type of securities.
  • The Greek government continues its efforts to find alternative equivalent measures which will absorb its initial proposal to apply VAT on private education. It appears that this amount will be raised through additional taxation of vehicles.
  • According to the Greek Parliament’s State Budget Office, taxpayers cannot afford to pay additional taxes and that the application of additional taxes will lead to tax evasion. In addition, it emphasized the need to reduce current tax burden which otherwise could lead local economy either to recession or to a long term stagnation.
  • On the other hand, according to Greece’s Centre of Planning and Economic Research, the overall economic contraction will reach the level of -0.3% in 2015, which is significantly lower than the -2.3% which is included in state budget. In addition, it predicted a contraction of -1.6% only during the second half of 2015. As a reminder, Greece applied capital controls in end June.
  • According to press linkages, Ministry of Labor‘s Katrougalos mentioned during a meeting with the members of Executive Committee of SYRIZA that Greece will apply, sooner or later, a National pension which will be equal to all pensioners.
Risk assessment. As it has been mentioned in previous commentaries, the issue of refugees’ influx to Greece’s eastern islands gradually gains ground in Greece’s agenda with creditors. Although both parts deny that the issue of refugees is included in the agenda of the discussions between Greece and creditors, it seems that parallel discussions are taking place.
If we add to the picture the recent article of Bild, which referred to a Deutsche Bank’s report stating that there will be an agreement as regards the haircut of approx. 200 bios of Greek debt, the following scenario gradually gains ground:
'Creditors to agree on a significant haircut of debt, if Greece manages to host a significant number of refugees for a certain period of time and allow international institutions to handle refugees’ matters as long as they will be hosted in Greek territory'     

The fact that smugglers gradually start using larger boats to deal with weather conditions shows that Greece will face an escalation of refugees influx, anyway. And this will be further intensified in case of  a general instability within Turkey. For the record, more than 500,000 refugees have entered EU through Greek islands since the beginning of 2015.

On a daily basis, there are articles which emphasize that Greece need to take more responsibilities as regards the handling refugees and act as the EU's SE frontier. This means, EU and Greece need to cooperate as regards the formation and roll out of a strategy, which will include not only the creation of a number of hot spots in Greek territory but most importantly, it will include a strategy for refugees’ inclusion in local social net, for a certain period of time.
It becomes evident that this won't only become an issue of historic importance but will assist handling of humanitarian crisis as well, in the most humanly effective way. However, local political system needs to approach the matter carefully.
Firstly, it needs to enhance its European role in the region; otherwise it would become part of the problem with catastrophic consequences to local economy and society.
Secondly, it needs to implement all structural reforms in order to ensure the sustainability of its pension system and internationalisation of its economy.
Last but not least, if this agreement occurs, it could benefit Greece both in political and economic terms as it will be established a regional economic and political hub, within European context. And this needs to be Greece’s paradigm in the era of globalisation.   

Wednesday, 21 October 2015

21st Oct, 2015, Run Tsipras!… Run!



·         Greece’s discussions with creditors as regards the disbursement of 2 bios euros continue. It has been announced that today’s Euroworking Group has been cancelled because the Greek government has ratified only 1/3 of the 49 prerequisite measures which have agreed with creditors.
 
·         Greece’s banking sector index rallied by 5.5% on Tuesday due to press linkages indicating that there has been an agreement between government and creditors as regards the legislation related to banks' recapitalisation. Needless to say that volume remains at extremely low levels and fluctuates between 20-50 mios on a daily basis, due to capital controls.  

·         Greece's country risk gradually improves. More specifically, 2 yr. bonds’ yield has dropped to 8.2%; it was close to 58% on 10th July. In addition, 10 yr. bonds’ yield has dropped below 8.0%, fluctuates at 7.8%; it was close to 20% on 10th July

·         It appears there has been a progress between Greece and US as regards a joint venture aiming in creating an energy hub in northern Greece.  As it has been described in previous commentaries, the project refers initially to the creation of an LNG terminal in Alexandroupolis, which will transfer natural gas to Bulgaria and other central European countries through IGB pipeline. The energy plan is also included among EU priority energy-related projects.

·         The head of 'independent' secretariat of public revenues’ Savvidou defended her position publicly as regards a legal case, which is under investigation by local economic prosecutor. She also refused to resign from her post and expressed her intention to bring the case to justice system in order to defend her integrity.

·         There has been a significant increase of real estate purchases by non EU citizens during the last four months. These purchases are related to the program, which awards residence permits to non-European Union citizens who buy real estate in Greece. Although there have been only 983 purchases of Greek property since 2013, it appears that there has been an increase of 28.5% (on an annual basis) during the last four months. Chinese buyers come first with 335 purchases/permits, and Russians follow with 315 permits. It seems that the interest from Middle East or Ukraine is gradually catching up.

·         According to Greece’s Finance Ministry tax debt increased by 1.5 bios euros in September due to inability of taxpayers to repay their obligations. This increases the YTD budget risk to the level of 5 bios on revenues side.

·         According to the Office of Economic and Commercial Affairs of Romania, Greek-origin investments have reached the amount of 4 bios euros. Greek exports to Romania increased by 17.74% during the first half of 2015, while Greek imports from Romania increased by 4.27%.
Risk assessment. It appears that revenues hysteresis to Greek citizens, who are not able to tax evade has started to impact significantly state revenues. The increase of citizens’ debt by 1.5 bios in September should ring the bell to Greece’s leftist government which favours the increase of tax revenues compared to reduction of expenses.
Tsipras needs to run fast and implement the 33 pending actions in order to achieve not only the reimbursement of 2 bios euros but also the recapitalisation of Greek Banks. The latter is absolutely necessary to be completed within November in order to prevent a potential bail-in in 2016.
However, the Greek government consumes valuable time to an endless discussion regarding ‘equivalent measures’, which will never be found. Although it is fair to expand the existing tax base and include certain parts of economy (black economy, farmers, islands) which traditionally don’t contribute to state revenues as part of clientelism, the majority of Greek taxpayers (employees, pensioners, entrepreneurship etc) need relaxation of tax burden.
As it has been stated before, the reduction of pension system’s expenditure, in fair terms, appears as the only way to reduce tax burden, which will also allow local economy to grow. Actually, the bottom line of the new, additional taxation on existing pensions is translated to pensions’ cuts, anyway.

Friday, 16 October 2015

16th October, 2015, Optimism grow that Greece’s Banks will have manageable capital needs after stress tests


  •  The EU has agreed to open new chapters in Turkey's long-stalled accession talks in return for cooperation on the refugee crisis. EU members are also considering billions in financial aid for Ankara. The EU and Turkey also agreed to "speed up" the talks on easing visa restrictions for Turkish citizens.

  • According to Greece's Foundation for Economic and Industrial Research (IOBE) economic contraction will be less than it was initially expected for 2015. More specifically, it issued a revised forecast for the course of the economy this year according to which there will be a reduction of GDP by 1.5 – 2.0% vs 2.3% which was initially forecasted.

  • Press linkages suggest that during the discussions between the Greek Banks’ leaderships and the Single Supervisory Authority’s officials, the latter implied that capital needs of Greek Banks won’t be unmanageable. These discussions occurred at ECB’s headquarters in Frankfurt and all Greek Banks’ leaderships participated in this meeting. There will be a second round of meetings of each Greek Bank with ECB’s officials, today. For the record, Greece’s government will have to submit the recapitalisation bill in local Commons by October 20th.

  • Greek Banks’ stocks rallied by +14% during yesterday trading session due to expectations that capital needs won’t be unmanageable. This helped to the overall increase of local index by 2.74% and to the increase of trading volume which approached the level of 50 mios. For the record, capital controls prevent local depositors to invest to stocks and trading volume is related either to existing investments in stocks or new funds from abroad.

  • The team of experts which was appointed by government, to come up with recommendations as regards the local pension system’s sustainability enhancement, announced its conclusions. Although its report didn’t include figures, the committee recommended streamlining of all pension funds into one, a unique National Pension to apply on all pensioners and personal contributions to add to the National Pension.

  • It appears that Ministry of Economy’s Stathakis is involved in a case according to which he didn’t declare 1 mios euros from his personal belongings. This represents a crime according to Greek legislation. In another case it appears that Ministry of Defence’s Kammenos uses an anti-submarine helicopter twice a day, to commute from home to his office for a distance of 40 km.

  • There was a serious incident between fascist Goden Dawn’s MP Lagos and the MPS of Greece’s communist party (KKE) at the Greek Parliament. Lagos didn’t only attack verbally the MPs of communist party during his parliamentary speech, but he attempted to leave the podium and approach the place where the MPs of KKE were standing. In addition, he attacked verbally the Speaker of Commons. For the record, Lagos is involved in the assassination of anti-fascist rapper Fyssas and currently is in custody. However, he was re-elected as MP in last September’s elections.     

Risk assessment. In Greek mythology, Iphigenia was the daughter of King Agamemnon and Queen Clytemnestra, and thus princess of Argos.  After offending Artemis, Agamemnon was commanded to kill Iphigenia as a sacrifice to allow his ships to sail to Troy. Greece’s pension system appears to represent Greece’s contemporary Iphigenia, which will be sacrificed, in order to allow local economy to breath from extremely high taxation.

According to the Committee’s recommendations there will be significant impact on all pensions above 1,000 euros and less impact on pensions below this threshold. In addition pensions will be linked to pensioner’s income according to Australian system.   
At the moment, there are approx. 3 mios pensioners (including those who are in waiting list) vs. 3.5 mios contributors (employees, professionals etc). In addition, the average monthly pension is higher (approx. 1,000 euros) compared to average monthly income of contributors (approx. 700 euros). It is evident that contributions are not sufficient to feed pension system.

Last but not least, a significant % of existing pensioners are under 67 years old.  According to figures published by Ministry of Labour, the contribution of Greek state to pension funds reached the level of 200 bios euros during the period 2000-2014 which more than country’s annual GDP (approx. 180 bios). Needless to say that a sustainable pension system represents a major pillar not only for Greek economy but for any economy (including European one).

In any case, local pension system isn’t sustainable and represents one of the main reasons which results to significant tax burden and clientelism.

 
 

Wednesday, 14 October 2015

14th Oct, 2015, Tsipras proceeds with no opposition, on ratification of measures which are included in 3rd MoU


·         The discussion at Greece’s Commons continues as regards the ratification omnibus bill, which is a prerequisite for a) the completion of current evaluation of 3rd MoU b) the recapitalisation of Greek Banks and c) the official start of discussions concerning the restructuring of Greek debt.

·         At the same time, the process of electing the new leadership at centre right New Democracy party, gradually becomes problematic. The current president of the party Meimarakis, came ballistic to the Elections Committee during its last meeting and withdrew his representative due to issues elated to party' financials and elections process.

·         It appears that there is political scandal in progress, which involves two current Ministers who didn’t declare income and possession of stocks during the previous years. So far, Flabouraris who is Minister of State and Tsipras’ mentor, has admitted that he represents one of the two cases.

·         US special envoy arrives in Athens to discuss the so called IGB gas pipeline project (Interconnector Greek Bulgarian pipeline). US coordinator for international energy affairs Hochstein visits Greece to meet with Ministry of Energy’ Skourletis before discussing the matter in a three-way meeting with the participation of Bulgarian Energy Minister Petkova.

·         Greece’s Statistical Authority, ELSTAT announced that there was less expansion of economic activity during 2014. More specifically, it announced that Greece’s GDP grew by 0.7% in 2014, vs. 0.8% which had initially reported. However, nominal GDP (inflation adjusted) showed a contraction of -1.6%.

·         Hellenic Banks Association's President and Governor of National Bank of Greece’s Chairwoman Katseli stated that Greek Banks won’t need the total amount of 25 bios which have been allocated for the forthcoming recapitalisation. He also emphasized that the potential capital needs aren’t related to internal balance sheet issues but to external factors such as economic contraction.

·         Greece’s social security funds’ financial have been showing a significant deterioration compared to last year. More specifically, revenues declined by 2.5 bios euros showing a primary deficit of 598 mios during the period Jan-Aug, compared to a surplus of 206 mios euros during the same period in 2014. This is due to a drop of 640 mios euros in social security contributions combined by a decrease of 1.5 mios euros reduction of state contribution.

·         Turkish Cypriot leader Akinci stated in NTV television network that the process of transition from the turkish lira to euro has begun in Cyprus occupied territories. He added that the transition to euro and customs union cannot be left for after a positive vote in a referendum on the Cyprus settlement. For the record, there has been an agreement between Cyprus’ President Anastassiades and Akinci on the establishment of a committee for economic harmonisation.

·         Greece dismissed Turkey’s suggestion to set up joint patrols in Aegean Sea with Turkey. However, Greece’s Foreign Ministry stated that is keen to cooperate with Turkey as regards stamping out people-smuggling networks.

·         Turkey’s Erdogan warned Russia that Turkey will seek alternative source of gas supply, after the violation of Turkish airspace by Russian jetfighters during the Syrian campaign. For the record, Turkey gets almost 60% of its gas supplies from Russia’s Gazprom. In addition, Russia has won the contract to build Turkey’ first nuclear plant in Akkuyu.
Risk assessment. Greece gradually returns to reality and normality. I remain on my previous views that a) Greece will fulfil its obligations which are included in the 3rd MoU and b) Greek Banks’ capital needs will be significantly lower compared to the total amount of 25 bios euros which are included in the 3rd MoU.
The risk that Greece won’t ratify the omnibus bill by end of this week, is low due to the following reasons: a) Tsipras maintains a refreshed mandate from local electorate and has no internal opposition b) opposition’s political parties (New Democracy and Potami) have entered in a internalization cycle, which weakens their political stance during parliamentary debate and c) vested interests don’t appear as a threat, for the moment.
However, Tsipras has to move fast and secure a) Greek debt restructuring and b) Foreign Direct Investments. Ahead of fluid geopolitical landscape in the region of Turkey, Middle East and Nothern Africa, Greece needs to implement all structural reforms which lead to reduction of taxation and internationalization of local economy, in order to attract significant Foreign Direct Investments.
It is not only the current rate differential between Greece and other Eurozone countries, which make investments in Greek assets appealing. It is Greece’s unique geographical position vis-à-vis the theatre of geopolitical developments. It is mainly its unique position in the region, as it currently represents the only country which is member of Eurozone and NATO at the same time.


Monday, 12 October 2015

12th October 2015, Greek leftist government’s first austerity bill will be submitted today

·         ECB’s Draghi stated that there should be debt relief after the completion of current evaluation. During his interview to Kathimerini of Sunday, he mentioned that the discussion regarding debt restructuring will occur only after the completion of current review. Draghi represents the third head of Greece’s troika of creditors, who reconfirmed that Greece’s debt structuring is on the table and discussion will start just after the completion of current review.In addition, he emphasized the need that Greece will implement all structural changes which are included in 3rd MoU, in order that local economy will return to growth trajectory.

·         IMF’s Lagarde reconfirmed from Lima - Peru that IMF won’t participate in Greece’s program as long as there is no agreement as regards debt restructuring. She emphasized the need that Greece will implement structural reforms mainly in pension system and banks.

·         Athens International Airport’s CEO, Paraschis was voted as CAPA Airport Chief Executive of the Year 2015. The International Committee of Centre of Aviation valued highly AIA’s innovation, high standard of service vis-a-vis the reduction of operating cost, reduction of carbon footprint, development of the biggest photovoltaic park in an airport, and dynamic marketing strategy.

·          According to press linkages, the EU is planning to merge all Greek Banks’ subsidiaries in Balkan states by end of 2015. This means that in case there are four Greek banks operating in one Balkan state, they will all merge into one Greek bank. At the moment there are about 2,700 branches of Greek Banks in Balkan states with approx. 35,000 employees. As a second step, each subsidiary will be sold within 2016.

·         Greek exports were reduced by -8.9% in August. It is the third consecutive month of exports’ drop. However, Greece’s trade balance deficit also dropped by -8.8% compared to Aug’14. In general, trade balance deficit dropped by -18.5% during the period Jan-Aug (compared to the same period in 2014). This is mainly due to a higher reduction of imports (-9.9%) vs. the reduction of exports (-3.3%).

·         The reduction of value of exports reflects mainly to the drop of price of fuels. On the other hand exports without fuels increased by +6.8% in August (compared to Aug’14). In terms of foreign markets, exports decreased by -22.4% to countries outside EU, and exports to EU region increased by +8.1%.

·         It appears that Greece Ministry of Finance will roll out a massive plan to minimize cash transactions and maximize bank cards’ usage throughout Greek economy. In addition, the use of bankcards will be the sole mean of transactions for a series of professions which were champions of tax evasion such as doctors, lawyers, plumbers, electricians, builders etc.  

Risk assessment. I remain on my previous view that the current coalition SYRIZA – Independent Greeks won’t last long. Despite the fact that Tsipras enjoys a refreshed mandate, the list of structural reforms which are included in the requirements to complete current review, impact vested interests and require broad political support which goes beyond current coalition. Regardless Tsipras verbal determination, it is still doubtful that the current coalition will finally ratify and/or implement those structural reforms. Considering the verbal objection of all other pro Europe political parties to support this austerity bill, we may see coalition’s first losses during next Saturday’s vote.

SYRIZA’s government will submit its first bill with austerity measures today. It appears that there is one MP ‘Independent Greeks’ (SYRIZA’s ally), who has sent ambiguous messages regarding his final stance during the vote of austerity bill. In addition, there is another MP who resigned from Central Committee of SYRIZA, as an act of protest as regards the way that lists of Party’s candidates were formed before elections. If both MPs either abstain or vote against the forthcoming bills, then the austerity bill will be ratified by 153 MPs (out 300).

It appears, that Greece’s government in an effort to meet budget targets, has chosen mainly to raise taxes instead of cutting expenses. In addition, taxation will be increased across all citizens, regardless if they could tax evade or not. It becomes evident that this will result to the increase of citizens’ arrears and social dissatisfaction.

Last but not least, Ministry of Finance’s Alexiadis announced a series of measures, which will reduce cash transactions and increase the bank cards' usage. Greece traditionally is a cash society which means that this is a structural reform of immense importance, which also includes cultural elements; and this makes it even harder to implement.

Saturday, 10 October 2015

10th October, 2015, Geopolitics gradually gain ground in Greece’s daily agenda vs. economy


·         Geopolitical tensions escalate in Middle East – Turkey region. Two explosions at a peace rally in the Turkish capital Ankara have killed at least 97 people and injured 186, according to officials. The blasts took place near the city's central train station as people gathered for a march organized by leftist groups. The attack is the deadliest of its kind in modern Turkish history and it threatens the local general elections of November 1st.

·         Greece’s Prime Minister Tsipras accompanied by Defence Minister Kammenos attended the final phase of military exercise ‘Parmenion’. He stated that Greece is not at war, however is in the middle of a destabilisation triangle referring to Ukraine, Libya and Syria.

·         ECB’s Draghi stated in an interview in Kathimerini of Sunday that he has raised concerns regarding Greece’s debt sustainability and there should be elements of lighting the debt burden. He emphasized the need that the Greek Government will implement structural reforms in order to return to growth trajectory.

·         Eurogroups’s Dijsselbloem stated that Greece’s debt restructuring is feasible if Greece honours its commitments. In addition, he stated that there is ground for an agreement according to which annual cost of servicing debt won’t surpass the level of 15% of GDP.

·         New Democracy’s four leadership challengers, Meimarakis, Mitsotakis, Georgiadis and Gigikostas started their campaign. The centre right party’s elections will take place on 22nd November.

·         Licences of new cars increased by +7.1% in September, compared to September 2014. During Jan-Sep period, licences of new cars increased by +8.1% compared to the same period of 2014.

·         Industrial output increased by +4.5% in August compared to the same month last year. This increase occurred after three consecutive months of falling industrial production. At the same time, manufacturing production increased by +4.2%, electricity production by +9% while mining output decreased by -6.1%.

·         According to Greece’s Ministry of Agriculture, exports of agricultural products increased by +15.7% during the Jan-Jul period (annualised) vs. a decrease of -9.5% during the same period in 2014. Overall the contribution of agricultural products to total country’s exports increased to 30.6% from 28.8% in 2014.

·         It appears that a Chinese bank is included among the four banks which are interested in Finansbank (Turkish subsidiary of National Bank of Greece). As a reminder, NBG’s leadership has confirmed that is planning to sell 40% of Finansbank’s stake. However, the final decision will be based on NBG’s total capital needs which will be announced after the completion of stress tests.
 
·         According to the Bank of Greece prices of offices have dropped up by -30.4% while prices of shops by -28.3% during Greece’s debt crisis. At the same time, rental prices for offices dropped by -29.3% while shops’ ones dropped by -33.9%.  

·         The former Governor of Bank of Greece Provopoulos, took over the position of the Chairman of the Bulgarian Postbank, which is a subsidiary of Greece’s Eurobank.

·         Albania’s GDP increase by 2.5% during the 2nd quarter of 2015. Growth in local construction industry (+24.5%), manufacturing (+6.3%) mainly contributed to this increase. According to IMF, Albania’s GDP will increase by 2.7% in 2015 and by 3.4% in 2016.  
 
Risk assessment. It appears that geopolitics gradually gain ground in Greece’s daily agenda. The appearance of Tsipras wearing a military jacket in a military exercise is completely new to local public opinion. This is because local leftish political parties traditionally have been pursuing an anti-military, anti-war agenda. However, geopolitical tensions in Syria have started impacting Turkey.
Although Greece’s geopolitical role has been significantly increased during the last couple of months, due to Syrian crisis, a potential destabilisation of Turkey due to geopolitical crisis' contagion from Syrian crisis represents a major threat for Greece’s security.
Needless to say that Greece’s eastern borders, at the same time represent EU’s south east borders and a significant component of EU's energy corridor to Middle East energy resources.
The fact that at the moment all major EU’s important posts related to foreign, security, defence, management of crisis and military are held by Italians, Greek and Cypriot citizens, show the importance of EU's south eastern group of countries to overall EU's security. More specifically:
Federica Mogherini is an Italian politician and is serving as High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy.
Dimitris Avramopoulos is a Greek politician and is serving as EU Commissioner for Migration, Home Affairs and Citizenship.
Christos Stylianides is a Cypriot politician and is serving as EU Commissioner for Humanitarian Aid and Crisis Management.
General Michail Kostarakos is a Greek Army officer who served as the Chief of the Hellenic National Defense General Staff in 2011–2015. He is the appointed Chairman of the European Union Military Committee, taking office from 6 November 2015.
Last but not least, although the ongoing geopolitical crisis represents a source of risk as regards Greece’s security, it could be proved as a historic opportunity to emerge as a regional safe haven and business, political and cultural hub for the region of Middle East, Turkey and Northern Africa.
As a reminder, Greece represents the only country in the region which is member of both Eurozone and NATO.